可可西里地区藏羚的社群特征

藏羚(Pantholopshodgsoni)的集群类型有雌性群、雄性群、母仔群、雌雄混群和独羚5种形式。2002年7月～2003年12月,在可可西里地区沿青藏公路设立试验区,直接观察到936群次,计13795只次藏羚。藏羚的集群类型受到生育周期的影响,季节间差异显著。春季以雌性群(60.49%)和雄性群(30.86%)为主;夏季和秋季主要为雌性群(41.65%,49.66%)和母仔群(49.36%,33.67%);雌雄混群(58.14%)主要出现在冬季。雄性群在1年中很少见,尤其是夏秋两季,冬季较为常见,多由亚成体雄性组成。独羚是一种特殊的集群类型,占11.32%。常见的集群大小为2～20只,占71.90%,其次是21～200只的群,占16.35%;>200只的集群极少,仅占0.43%,且仅出现于夏季产羔往返迁徙途中。藏羚的集群大小受竞争、捕食风险以及迁徙繁殖的共同影响。藏羚的集群极不稳定,交配期雌雄混合群受雄性亚成体的干扰经常改变,而在迁徙季节大群和小群之间的转换也很频繁。大型集群为雌性群或母仔群,其最适集群大小为2～20只。     

青藏公路沿线白昼交通运输等人类活动对藏羚羊迁徙的影响

To study effects of traffic during daytime and other human activities, we conducted surveys on the migration of Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsoni along the Qinghai-Tibet highway between Kunlun Mountain Pass to Wudaoliang,using line transects (LT) from June to September in 2001 and 2002, Data were collected for 64 days with 17 days in 2001, and 47days in 2002. The Stationary Observation Method (SOM) was also adopted for the investigation of status of the disturbance from traffic when antelopes passing the highway and the traffic situation from August 6 to 28 (6 : 30-19: 00), 4 to 20 (6: 00- 18: 00) and from December 21 to 29 (9：00- 19: 00) in 2002. The results showed that,the period of migration in 2002 was more prolonged than in 2001, and it took at least 45 min for each group to cross the highway, with success ratio of only 30.2 %, and the traffic flow of summer daytime was 76/h, while the winter‘s traffic flow was 29/h. Highway and rail traffic should be managed during daylight hours from June to August, to allow for the migration of the antelopes. Also conservation education and a further survey should be emphasized for the protection on the species [Acta Zoologica Sinica 50 (4) : 669-674, 2004].     

山西历山自然保护区树鹨的繁殖习性

树鹨(Anthus hodgsoni)为中日两国政府协定保护鸟类。1999～2001年的4～10月,在历山保护区（东经111°51’～112°6’,北纬35°16’～35°27’）对该鸟的生态作了观察。选定富玉河8km的河谷阶地,每年4月上旬和10月下旬隔日观察树鹨最早迁来和最晚迁离的个体;每年5月和8月以富玉河（海拔1550～1750m）、后文堂（海拔1750～2050m）、舜王坪（海拔2050～2358m）3条路线统计其个体数量。     

Phylogenetic analysis and positive-selection site detecting of vascular endothelial growth factor family in vertebrates

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), known to play an important role in vascular homeostasis, vascular integrity and angiogenesis, is little known about the evolutionary relationship of its five members especially the role of gene duplication and natural selection in the evolution of the VEGF family. In this study, seventy-five full-length cDNA sequences from 33 vertebrate species were extracted from the NCBI's GenBank, UniProt protein database and the Ensembl database. By phylogenetic analyses, we investigated the origin, conservation, and evolution of the VEGFs. Five VEGF family members in vertebrates might be formed by gene duplication. The inferred evolutionary transitions that separate members which belong to different gene clusters correlated with changes in functional properties. Selection analysis and protein structure analysis were combined to explain the relationship of the site-specific evolution in the vertebrate VEGF family. Eleven positive selection sites, one transmembrane region and the active sites were detected in this process.     

Beta‐globin gene evolution in the ruminants: evidence for an ancient origin of sheep haplotype B

Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) can be divided into two groups with significantly different responses to hypoxic environments, determined by two allelic beta‐globin haplotypes. Haplotype A is very similar to the goat beta‐globin locus, whereas haplotype B has a deletion spanning four globin genes, including beta‐C globin, which encodes a globin with high oxygen affinity. We surveyed the beta‐globin locus using resequencing data from 70 domestic sheep from 42 worldwide breeds and three Ovis canadensis and two Ovis dalli individuals. Haplotype B has an allele frequency of 71.4% in O. aries and was homozygous (BB) in all five wild sheep. This shared ancestry indicates haplotype B is at least 2–3 million years old. Approximately 40 kb of the sequence flanking the ~37‐kb haplotype B deletion had unexpectedly low identity between haplotypes A and B. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the divergent region of sheep haplotype B is remarkably distinct from the beta‐globin loci in goat and cattle but still groups with the Ruminantia. We hypothesize that this divergent ~40‐kb region in haplotype B may be from an unknown ancestral ruminant and was maintained in the lineage to O. aries, but not other Bovidae, evolving independently of haplotype A. Alternatively, the ~40‐kb sequence in haplotype B was more recently acquired by an ancestor of sheep from an unknown non‐Bovidae ruminant, replacing part of haplotype A. Haplotype B has a lower nucleotide diversity than does haplotype A, suggesting a recent bottleneck, whereas the higher frequency of haplotype B suggests a subsequent spread through the global population of O. aries.     

藏羚寄生蠕虫卵粪检调查初报

2004年12月25日~2005年1月5日对位于青藏公路楚玛尔河大桥附近集群的藏羚(Pantholopshodgsoni),随机拣取其新鲜粪便共计36份带回实验室。利用漂浮法、沉淀法对粪样进行寄生虫蠕虫卵检查,结果显示,粪样中存在有细颈属(Nematodirus)、马歇尔属(Marshallagia)线虫卵和莫尼茨属(Moniezia)绦虫卵,其感染率在19.4%~94.4%之间,感染强度(EPG)分别为5.58、5.11和2.86。结果表明,冬季藏羚的寄生蠕虫感染率高,但感染种类少和感染强度低。     

Large-scale spatial patterns in the distribution of Collembola (Hexapoda) species in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems

Aim  We tested whether the distribution of three common springtail species ( Gressittacantha terranova , Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni and Friesea grisea ) in Victoria Land (Antarctica) could be modelled as a function of latitude, longitude, altitude and distance from the sea.
Location  Victoria Land, Ross Dependency, Antarctica.
Methods  Generalized linear models were constructed using species presence/absence data relative to geographical features (latitude, longitude, altitude, distance from sea) across the species' entire ranges. Model results were then integrated with the known phylogeography of each species and hypotheses were generated on the role of climate as a major driver of Antarctic springtail distribution.
Results  Based on model selection using Akaike's information criterion, the species' distributions were: hump-shaped relative to longitude and monotonic with altitude for Gressittacantha terranova ; hump-shaped relative to latitude and monotonic with altitude for Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni ; and hump-shaped relative to longitude and monotonic with latitude, altitude and distance from the sea for Friesea grisea .
Main conclusions  No single distributional pattern was shared by the three species. While distributions were partially a response to climatic spatial clines, the patterns observed strongly suggest that past geological events have influenced the observed distributions. Accordingly, present-day spatial patterns are likely to have arisen from the interaction of historical and environmental drivers. Future studies will need to integrate a range of spatial and temporal scales to further quantify their respective roles.     

西藏羌塘自然保护区与人类活动有关的藏羚、藏野驴和藏原羚密度

1999年,2000年和2002年,在西藏西北部的西藏羌塘自然保护区分别沿三条横跨该自然保护区的长度为750-860km的东西向样线估计了藏羚(Pantholopshodgsoni)、藏野驴(Equuskiang)和藏原羚(Procaprapicticaudata)密度(每平方公里个体数)和遇见率(每平方公里遇见个体数)。在低海拔(4500-4700m)地区,藏羚、藏野驴和藏原羚数量很少,在那些人类活动强度高或中等的地区,藏羚、藏野驴和藏原羚的数量也极少,以致无法估计密度或遇见率。在高海拔(4700-5200m)地区,藏羚和藏野驴数量在那些人类和家畜活动强度低的地区,数量总比那些中等人类活动强度的地区高,尽管藏羚的数量差别比藏野驴小。藏原羚的情形不一样,在人类活动强度低或中等的地区的遇见率相仿。在某种程度上,这种差别可能与这些动物的生境偏好有关。看起来,藏原羚、其次是藏野驴比藏羚更能耐受人类和家畜的活动。注意到这三种动物在人类和家畜活动低的地区的结果方差都大,表明三种动物在有人类和家畜活动低的地区与在那些中等人类和家畜活动地区的分布相反的成群分布。三年中有蹄类动物遇见率的模式都相似,在调查期间有蹄类动物种群没有波动的趋势     

藏羚的分布与迁移

2003年7月至8月调查了藏羚的分布区及其生活习性,并对藏羚的迁移活动进行了总结。提出雌藏羚的迁移是以昆仑山为中心,分布在昆仑山南面的雌藏羚夏季至秋初在北方产仔,其它季节在南方交配栖息,因此两地间存在往返迁移。分布在昆仑山北面的雌藏羚的迁移活动正好与之相反。同时,讨论了人类活动对藏羚栖息造成的影响,认为遏制“沙图什”的消费,禁止藏羚分布区的一切人类活动是保护藏羚的有效措施。     

气候变化背景下青藏高原藏羚羊生境时空格局演变

气候变化可能导致物种分布范围变化甚至导致物种灭绝。为了解气候变化对青藏高原旗舰种和濒危种-藏羚羊（Pantholops hodgsonii）的潜在分布区影响,收集了316个藏羚羊实际点位分布数据和70个文献点位分布数据与温度季节性变化（Bio4）,海拔,最干月降雨（Bio14）等9个影响因子,采用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）进行建模,预测SSP126、SSP585极端压迫情景和SSP245中间压迫情景下的T1（2001-2018年）,T2（2021-2040年）,T3（2041-2060年）,T4（2061-2080年）,T5（2081-2100年）5个时期的潜在分布区。研究结果表明：（1）在不同气候变化情景下,藏羚羊核心生境主要分布在可可西里、羌塘、阿尔金国家级自然保护区和三江源国家公园;（2）温度季节性变化（Bio4）和海拔被认为是最关键的两个环境因子;（3）随着温室气体排放强度的增强,藏羚羊的核心区生境向高海拔和高纬度地区扩张;（4）有43.18%的保护空缺区在保护区外,未受到有效保护。总之,研究藏羚羊的地理分布对于气候变化的响应与适应,根据适宜生境演变规律做出有效的保护措施,对藏羚羊种群的长期监测、保护、有效管理甚至重建具有重要现实意义。